ABSTRACT
Existe evidencia de que las personas empleamos metáforas conceptuales (MCs) para interpretar expresiones metafóricas (EMs), aunque los datos disponibles con respecto a si la comprensión de éstas EMs requiere simulaciones sensorio-motoras de los dominios base de esas MCs es escasa y equívoca. Se llevó a cabo un experimento para determinar si dichas simulaciones sensorio-motoras son necesarias o enriquecen al menos la comprensión de EMs. Videntes y no videntes de nacimiento parafrasearon EMs novedosas derivadas de la MC ver-comprender. El nivel de comprensión alcanzado fue evaluado por jueces independientes. Los no videntes de nacimiento mostraron una muy buena comprensión de estas EMs y su rendimiento en esta tarea no fue inferior a la de los videntes. Se concluye que las simulaciones sensorio-motoras no son necesarias ni enriquecen la comprensión de EMs y que las MCs amodales resultan suficientes para la tarea. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados obtenidos para el enfoque corporeizado de la teoría de metáfora conceptual de Lakoff y Johnson.
There is evidence for the idea that people employ conceptual metaphors (CMs) to interpret metaphorical expressions (MEs), although the available data regarding the thesis that comprehending MEs requires sensory-motor simulations of the base domains of such CMs is scarce and ambiguous. An experiment was carried out to determine whether such sensory-motor simulations are necessary or at least enrich the comprehension of MEs. Sighted and congenitally blind subjects paraphrased novel MEs derived from the seeing-understanding CM. The congenitally blind showed very good comprehension of these MEs, and their performance on this task was not inferior compared to the sighted. It is concluded that sensory-motor simulations are not necessary nor do they enrich the comprehension of MEs, and that amodal CMs are enough for this task. Implications of the obtained results for the embodied view of Lakoff and Johnson's conceptual metaphor theory are discussed.
ABSTRACT
The type of diet consumed by individuals has been associated with the development of some chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, diabetes, and others. Populations that consume diets rich in fruits and vegetables and drink wine in moderation, as the Mediterranean, have a higher life expectancy and less chronic diseases than other occidental populations. We carried out an intervention study in humans to evaluate the effect of a Mediterranean diet (MD), an Occidental diet (OD) and their supplementation with red wine, on biochemical, physiological and clinical parameters related to atherosclerosis and other chronic diseases. For 3 months, two groups of 21 male volunteers each, received either a MD or an OD; during the second month, red wine was added isocalorically, 240 ml/day. At days 0, 30, 60 and 90, clinical, physiological and biochemical evaluations were made. In this article we report on the results obtained in plasma fatty acids profile that includes saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), ómega-6 fatty acids, ómega-3 fatty acids and ómega-6/ómega-3 ratio. Other results have been published previously. Plasma fatty acid percentages in the OD group, compared to the MD group, did not show differences in SFA, but the OD group showed lower levels of MUFA and ómega-3 fatty acids, and higher levels of PUFA and ómega-6 fatty acids, with a higher ómega-6/ómega-3 ratio than the MD group. Wine supplementation reduced MUFA and increased PUFA in both dietary groups, suggesting that wine could improve a diet with a good ómega-6/ómega-3 ratio. Volunteers on MD showed a better fatty acid profile than those on OD, suggesting a lower cardiovascular risk. Moderate consumption of wine improves this profile in the MD group.